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When all the world recognizes beauty as beauty, this in itself is ugliness. When all the world recognizes good as good, this in itself is evil. Indeed, the hidden and the manifest give birth to each other. Difficult and easy complement each other. High and low set measure to each other. Voice and sound harmonize each other. Back and front follow each other. Therefore, the Sage manages his affairs without ado, And spreads his teaching without talking. He denies nothing to the teeming things. He rears them, but lays no claim to them. He does his work, but sets no store by it. He accomplishes his task, but does not dwell upon it. And yet it is just because he does not dwell on it That nobody can ever take it away from him. Laozi (Lao Tzu, 老子)

Added by Brian McFadden | More quotes
 

Philosophy Polls

Answer and Comment

25. Evolutionary Aesthetics (open since 3-Nov-2009)

Poll 25: Preamble
Evolutionary aesthetics applies evolutionary psychology to the task of explaining the origin, nature and content of human aesthetic responses and judgements. It is founded on the assumption that aesthetic response is a fitness-enhancing adaptation from human evolutionary history, engineered to better guide our behaviour toward ends conducive to survival.

Q. A foundational hypothesis of evolutionary aesthetics states, "Beauty is a promise of function in the environments in which humans evolved i.e., of high likelihood of survival and reproductive success in the environments of human evolutionary history. Ugliness is the promise of low survival and reproductive failure." (Randy Thornhill, "Darwinian Aesthetics Informs Traditional Aesthetics").

Do you agree or disagree with the proposition that beauty is tied to the promise of survival and reproductive success?

24. A Better Place (open since 26-Oct-2009)

Poll 24: Preamble
No preamble.

Q. Please complete the following sentence:

The world would be a better place without...

23. Sacred and Secular (open since 2-Oct-2009)

Poll 23: Preamble
"In 1961, Gabriel Vahanian's book The Death of God was published. Vahanian argued that modern secular culture had lost all sense of the sacred, lacking any sacramental meaning, no transcendental purpose or sense of providence. He concluded that for the modern mind "God is dead", but he did not mean that God did not exist. In Vahanian's vision a transformed post-Christian and post-modern culture was needed to create a renewed experience of deity." (Wikipedia: Transcendence)

Q. a) Do you agree that modern secular culture has lost all sense of the sacred? b) Is a renewed experience of deity needed?

22. Unity of Science (closed)

Q. Do you agree or disagree with the statement, "The human sciences (psychology, anthropology, history, etc.) should model themselves on the physical sciences (physics & chemistry)?"

Final Results: 400 user(s) polled
1. Strongly agree
 
  8.8%
2. Agree
 
  21.8%
3. Disagree
 
  38.3%
4. Strongly Disagree
 
  31.3%
100%
21. Belief and Justification (closed)

Q. Please indicate whether you agree or disagree with the following statement:

"One can be completely justified in believing something even if the statement the belief depends on is false."

Final Results: 400 user(s) polled
1. Strongly Agree
 
  17.5%
2. Agree
 
  28.2%
3. Disagree
 
  26%
4. Strongly Disagree
 
  28.2%
100%
20. Philosophy of Science I: Visible and Invisible (closed)

Q. a) Do phenomena visible with the naked eye carry more epistemic weight than things seen only with the aid of scientific instruments? b) Should a distinction be drawn between the two?

Final Results: 400 user(s) polled
1. Yes to both
 
  19%
2. No to (a); Yes to (b)
 
  41%
3. No to both
 
  36.8%
4. Can't say
 
  3.3%
100%
19. Bonus Question (closed)

Q. The law of non-contradiction is...

Final Results: 400 user(s) polled
1. True
 
  45.5%
2. False
 
  7.8%
3. Both true and false
 
  30.8%
4. Can't say
 
  16%
100%
18. Reading Philosophy (closed)

Q. How often do you pick up a work of philosophy to read, whether a book, journal or essay?

Final Results: 400 user(s) polled
1. Daily
 
  40.5%
2. Weekly
 
  33.3%
3. Monthly
 
  19.3%
4. Once or twice a year, or less often
 
  7%
100%
17. Values I (closed)

Q. What is the ultimate origin of moral value?

Final Results: 400 user(s) polled
1. God
 
  16.5%
2. Nature
 
  23.8%
3. Culture
 
  36.8%
4. Other
 
  23%
100%
16. Truth II (closed)

Q. Does it make sense philosophically to speak about truth outside the form of the proposition?

Final Results: 400 user(s) polled
1. Always
 
  24.5%
2. Sometimes
 
  45.8%
3. Never
 
  23.3%
4. Can't Say
 
  6.5%
100%
Poll Forum (Please do not post here. This forum will be removed shortly. If you wish to save or continue any of these discussions, copy the contents into a new topic in the MAIN FORUM below.)

Is the matter really primordial?

2 posts by 2 people.
Updated 10 hours ago.

What Should We Conserve in the World?

6 posts by 6 people.
Updated on November 24, 2009 at 11:14am.

Philosopy and Relative Wealth

4 posts by 2 people.
Updated on November 24, 2009 at 10:13am.

Poll 25. Evolutionary Aesthetics

30 posts by 10 people.
Updated on November 23, 2009 at 4:40am.

The Nature of Mathematics

17 posts by 7 people.
Updated on November 10, 2009 at 9:24pm.

quantum logic and social science epistemology

9 posts by 6 people.
Updated on November 10, 2009 at 6:05pm.

RE:Poll 23

19 posts by 10 people.
Updated on November 4, 2009 at 12:18am.

Is mankind losing touch with the natural world?

19 posts by 9 people.
Updated on November 2, 2009 at 1:43am.
 

Notices

The past 24 hours have been rough-going on the Facebook application servers, with problems occurring across all apps. Many pages were rendered raw, devoid of all styling (CSS). This occasionally produced some interesting visual results which we have learned from. According to Facebook platform status feed everything is normal now.

UPDATE: (Nov. 23, 2009) This bug has returned and is currently known to be affecting the Tolstoy comment board. This is likely not the only board malfunctioning.

UPDATE: (Nov. 17, 2009) All of the databases that handle comments are operating again. This bug is resolved, for now.

UPDATE: (Nov. 13, 2009) This problem is ongoing, but a temporary fix has been implemented and the comments are now appearing...twice. Please ignore the duplicates--do not delete any of them. There is only one copy of each post in the database, and deleting what appears to be a duplicate may erase the original. A proper solution is on the way...

UPDATE: (Nov. 12, 2009) Just received this message from one of the Facebook engineers:
  -------From Ray C. He 2009-11-12 01:04:12-------

FYI, this seems to be happening because apps tier machines on the east coast
are having issue accessing platform DBs. (this is why posting still works, as
ajax is west coast. this is also why connect fb:comments still works as those
are served from west coast as well). I am working with ops to figure out what's
causing all the missed db connections.

New posts to philosopher comment boards are disappearing after being posted, and some boards are displaying no posts at all (currently the Marx & Zizek boards) where usually many pages of comments exist. The problem lies with the Facebook comment database, which seems to be malfunctioning; I have filed a bug report to alert the Facebook engineers. All posts have been recorded and stored in the database, even though they seem to have disappeared—your comments are not lost and will reappear once the problem is resolved. We are sorry for the inconvenience.

P+P recently suffered an SQL injection attack by a malicious user. This means someone deliberately infiltrated the database and corrupted the data. The major effect of the attack was the loss of all non-Latin-language-based quotes, which were converted to question marks. This included all Greek, Turkish, Chinese and Hebrew entries. It is uncertain whether or not this was the deliberate point of the attack, but it seems likely based on information gathered from the logs we keep.

I have been repairing the damage done to the database, and was able to reconstruct almost all of the lost quotes from backups. I have also closed the security hole that made the attack possible. So much for barbarism.

A new "Feed" link now appears with each entry on the Quotes pages. Click on this link to open up the feed publishing dialog box, add a comment, and publish the quote to your profile and stream.

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Update: I am aware that the new ppoke! feature is really quite inane in its current form. I'm working on it.

Philosophy-poke! Beta: a new feature, active but still in development. Give your friends a gentle nudge. Why would you want to do that? I don't know; let's find out. You can "Ppoke" people from the FRIENDS page, where you can also peek at what your friends have been up to and when they last visited a P+P canvas page. You can now also select individual friends to view, instead of paging through screens to find one person.

Comments on Quotes: I've re-written some of the code to iron-out weird behaviour and shorten load times on the QUOTES pages.

It is now possible to edit quotes from the Quotes page. An "Edit" link will appear under the quote if the person viewing it is the quote's owner (the person who added it to the database).

To help users follow discussions happening around particular quotes, the "Essential Links" section of this page contains a new Quote Discussions link that will display all quotes with comments attached to them in order of newest to oldest.

References for quotes should be added to the separate "Quote Source" field, newly provided, instead of the main body of the quote. This should ensure more consistent formatting of quotes over time.

    For readers
  1. Whenever you see a quotation given with an author but no source assume that it is probably bogus.
  2. Whenever you see a quotation given with a full source assume that it is probably being misused, unless you find good evidence that the quoter has read it in the source.
  3. For quoters
  4. Whenever you make a quotation, give the exact source.
  5. Only quote from works that you have read.
Source: Martin Porter's essay online
Update 6-Sep-09: The reply links attached to posts in the discussion board have been removed, and this is a deliberate and permanent move by Facebook. The current situation in which every contributor to a thread receives a reply notification with each new message posted is, however, clearly untenable, and we are in dialogue with Facebook to come up with a sensible solution. Ideally, both developers and users would prefer it if the links were restored, and we are still trying to convince Facebook of this. Interested people may follow our progress on Bugzilla, the Facebook bug reporting site: http://bugs.developers.facebook.com/show_bug.cgi?id=6579

Facebook has removed the "Reply" link from discussion boards. This is already creating havoc across the platform, as now there is no way to direct messages to individual posters, and every contributor to a thread is receiving a notification whenever someone posts a new message. I am unsure at the moment whether this change is a deliberate new policy or a bug.

Our polls seem to inevitably arouse questions and controversy. In response to repeated requests, a comment link is now available for each poll. The link opens a dialog box where comments may be read and posted. We're also trialling a poll-dedicated forum to facilitate longer posts and more involved discussion. This is available to registered P+P users and can be found above the main Poll area.

I have temporarily resolved this problem by turning off Facebook's "Quick Transitions" feature for applications, which is a beta feature that improves page load times at the cost of occasional problems like the present one. I'll monitor things over the day and turn QT back on if the Facebook engineers manage restabilize it enough for general usage.

Facebook is experiencing a network problem that is affecting some applications and users by preventing some P+P pages from loading. Please bear with us while we wait for the Facebook engineers to find a solution. We apologize for the inconvenience.

The department of philosophy at the University of Melbourne is in a time of need and seeks letters of support. Read the story and get the details here.

An odd bug was limiting the Quote Editor color options for users of Chrome and Safari. A succesful work-around has been implemented.

First of all, don't panic! Your montage is not lost—click here to restore it to exactly the way it was before, or use the montage editor.

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The Requests page has been improved so as to allow voting without reloading the page each time. It also now displays fewer philosophers per page, making the pages load much more quickly.

Many of the quotes that users contribute to the application are provocative. Sometimes the "Like" link is perfect to register your agreement, but at other times "like" doesn't quite square with your honest opinion of the quote. To address this deficiency we've added a "Comment" link to every quote. Now you're free to express the full extent of your love for each quote, in your own inimitable words. Be effusive, be effulgent.

The latest quote always appears at the top of this page; the entire database can be viewed here.

A new category, The Developer's Bookshelf: Recent and recommended titles from the developer of P+P, is now available to browse in our online bookstore.

You can preview books, read editorial and user reviews, and add items to your shopping cart all from within the app. As an Amazon affiliate the application receives 4% of the cost of titles purchased through the store, which helps to keep us online (or it would if more people used our bookstore!).

Images have stopped appearing in feed stories. Facebook engineers are aware of the problem. In other news, a new philosophy poll is up and running.

Castoriadis: Psyche, Society, Autonomy by Jeff Klooger is the first monograph in English on the philosophy of Cornelius Castoriadis. It is now available to pre-order from the P+P bookstore or you can click on the image (left) to go directly to Amazon.com. Jeff is a regular guest of the application. We congratulate him on his momentous achievement.

Update: This feature now incorporates the ability to "unlike" previously liked quotes, and there is a new link (My Likes) that displays all of the quotes you have liked so far.

You can now express your like for individual quotes on the Quotes pages. Doing so will send a short message to the user who added the quote, whether friend or stranger, notifying them of your appreciation. As quotes begin to emerge with high likeability, we will display the results here. Please give this feature a try. It is a lot of fun.

p.s. Stay tuned for a new philosophy poll. Coming soon...

See older items...

Birthdays A random selection of recent and upcoming philosophers’ birthdays

Marcel

Dec 07, 1889
Sen

Nov 03, 1933
Moore

Nov 04, 1873
Camus

Nov 07, 1913
Guenon

Nov 15, 1886
Voltaire

Nov 21, 1694
Strawson

Nov 23, 1919

Phil Inspector View philosopher ratings and user opinions

Latest Additions The last 10 philosophers added to the Library

The Good and the Bad Philosopher rating highlights

Philosophers with the best overall rating (rated by 10 or more people)
Aristotle
4.31 (164)
1
Socrates
4.26 (130)
2
Wittgenstein
4.23 (143)
3
Heraclitus
4.21 (52)
4
Kierkegaard
4.18 (91)
5
Spinoza
4.17 (71)
6
Dostoevsky
4.15 (23)
7
Buddha
4.15 (92)
8
Plato
4.15 (106)
9
Kripke
4.13 (21)
10
Deleuze
4.12 (54)
11
Aquinas
4.12 (64)
12
Schopenhauer
4.11 (68)
13
Laozi
4.11 (43)
14
Husserl
4.09 (32)
15
Camus
4.09 (55)
16
MacIntyre
4.09 (22)
17
Peirce
4.08 (24)
18
Darwin
4.08 (67)
19
Epicurus
4.06 (20)
20
Mevlana
4.05 (25)
21
Einstein
4.05 (44)
22
Hegel
4.05 (97)
23
Fromm
4.04 (11)
24
Merleau-Ponty
4.03 (16)
25
 
Worst overall rating
Ayn Rand
2.78 (289)
The Sheep
2.81 (82)
Paglia
2.84 (29)
Dawkins
2.88 (232)
Spencer
2.88 (25)
Said Nursî
2.97 (23)
Mao Zedong
2.98 (43)
Onfray
3.11 (16)
A. J. Ayer
3.12 (38)
 

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Main Forum

Do women lives on preconcieved ideas of man?

86 posts by 10 people.
Updated about an hour ago.

Action

33 posts by 9 people.
Updated 7 hours ago.

How Do You Define "God?"

231 posts by 33 people.
Updated 7 hours ago.

Conventions in Society

7 posts by 4 people.
Updated 12 hours ago.

New Philosopher Additions

17 posts by 6 people.
Updated on November 20, 2009 at 4:58pm.

Democracy and Liberty

118 posts by 12 people.
Updated on November 16, 2009 at 8:49pm.

Is mankind losing touch with the natural world?

52 posts by 11 people.
Updated on November 16, 2009 at 1:56am.

Do you agree Solipsism brings you to a dead end in philosophy?

40 posts by 14 people.
Updated on November 13, 2009 at 5:11pm.

Solzhenitsyn

8 posts by 5 people.
Updated on November 13, 2009 at 12:10am.

Morality

43 posts by 8 people.
Updated on November 10, 2009 at 5:32pm.

Theory/Ideology and Politics

4 posts by 3 people.
Updated on November 7, 2009 at 12:28pm.

"Green" Thomism

3 posts by 2 people.
Updated on November 5, 2009 at 5:59pm.

Cause and the Prime Mover

28 posts by 6 people.
Updated on November 1, 2009 at 3:54pm.

LOGICOMIX the graphic novel narrated by Bertrand Russell

8 posts by 3 people.
Updated on October 22, 2009 at 2:41am.

Philosophy Lectures at CUA

1 post by 1 person.
Updated on October 21, 2009 at 7:34am.

Comment Boards Recent posts...

Discuss Richard Dawkins

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John Abbate8:29 am

Determinism is all about matter and linearity. Its voice is inevitably male. No wonder there are no women of the infinite.
 

Ryan ShirkNov 23

 

John AbbateNov 23

"Huh? We're talking about conscious introspection. That means that there is an introspecting agent. Whatever comes before that agent as a content of consciousness is just that--a content of consciousness, not the workings of the brain"

This is me drawing the contradictory implications of your position. You believe in conscious introspection that reveals the brain working, yet you have also asserted that the agent of consciousness is an illusion. How does an illusion observe the brain?
 

John AbbateNov 23

"The experience of the self is fundamental". Do you agree with him?
 

Ryan ShirkNov 23

Phenomenal representata are subjective brain states. All of this is covered in that almost 700 page philosophical bohemeth that is "Being No One". consciousness is the representational structure of the human brain referencing itself.
 

John AbbateNov 23

Your position seems to be that the brain can see the workings of the brain and act on that information, as a brain, not a mind, because mind is an illusion.
 

Ryan ShirkNov 23

"Thomas Metzinger is one of those courageous explorers who dare to travel beyond the borders of their familiar territory. This book is a successful and brilliant attempt to bring together what had been separated artificially, the philosophy and the neuroscience of mind. It is a must for those who believe that consciousness is a mystery and for those who think it is not."
—Wolf Singer, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research

"This book is a 'must' for anyone who is interested in empirical studies related to first-person issues or subjectivity."
— Kai Vogeley, TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences

"While some philosophers have resisted scientists' incursions into the philosophy of mind, Thomas Metzinger has welcomed them. In this book he employs his impressively detailed knowledge of the latest developments in cognitive neuroscience to develop an exciting new philosophical approach to consciousness for which the experience of the self is fundamental. His is a truly interdisciplinary project...
 

Ryan ShirkNov 23

Dude, read "Being No One" by Thomas Metzinger.
 

Ryan ShirkNov 23

"Huh? We're talking about conscious introspection. That means that there is an introspecting agent. Whatever comes before that agent as a content of consciousness is just that--a content of consciousness, not the workings of the brain"

Oh yeah, ok then John, if you are so certain of this substance dualism, then go ahead and mail me your brain. Obviously you don't need it if brain and mind are two different things. PM me and I'll give you a P.O. box to mail your excised brain to. Makes sure you remove your brain first though, I want to see a photo of your brain next to your empty cranial vault with all of the connections severed. I'll accept that as proof that brain and mind are different substances, but I still want the brain for my own studies.
 

Ryan ShirkNov 23

"I program this application. Where is the empirical evidence to back up the claim that you can consciously create (will, in fact) a feedback loop in your brain that "makes some of the processes available for cognitive introspection"? Or are you perhaps having your cake and eating it too, denying free will because it is an illusion of consciousness, but accepting some acts of will as real?"

I'm not saying anyone does so ex nihilo, the feedback loop is gradually being generated by LTP without the individuals awareness. It hits them one day as an epiphany or sudden realization. Prior to that they don't have any conscious sensation. I had heard discussions on free-will and determinism several times before one day thinking "Wait a minute, this means there is no such thing as free-will!" when I began taking this more seriously, I spent 4 years on the subject, I started to realize that it was never an original idea, but something people had been trying to tell me for a long time.
 

John AbbateNov 23

Some logical rigour would serve you better right now.
 

John AbbateNov 23

Huh? We're talking about conscious introspection. That means that there is an introspecting agent. Whatever comes before that agent as a content of consciousness is just that--a content of consciousness, not the workings of the brain.
 

Ryan ShirkNov 23

"Once again you're in a logical morass. If you state that the contents of consciousness are illusions, you cannot then claim that some of them are not. How would you tell the difference between the ones that are real and those that are not?"

Peer-reviewed empirical observation John. Otherwise known as scientific rigor.
 

John AbbateNov 23

Once again you're in a logical morass. If you state that the contents of consciousness are illusions, you cannot then claim that some of them are not. How would you tell the difference between the ones that are real and those that are not?
 

Ryan ShirkNov 23

Can you program a completely free program John? Better yet, can you not program a program that programs itself? This is of course analogous for the fact that as programs ourselves, we did not write ourselves. We may behave as if we are well-designed chess programs, but we never-the-less did not program ourselves initially. You see, you can create an application that expands on itself and changes itself in accordance with itself, but ultimately you can't not create an application that creates itself, there has to be an initial code with the self-referential structure already in place. If you can create a free program, you'll have broken all the rules of existence, definitely worth a prize. Get typing!
 
Displaying 15 of 1408 posts.
Discuss Albert Einstein

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Rab Smith4:52 am

Quantum effects are without doubt involved, the question is to what degree. Quantum effects are also related to rational action theory where the correlation is stronger and interferes with reason although the mathematical formality of this theory has not produced definitive proof. We are in the very early stages of investigating the human mind, future research will be governed by the human mind making the decision based on the economics and benefits of such research.

I do not advocate any one discipline be given "control" of the development of a technological intelligence and neither do I advocate full control of human society by a technological intelligence. Safeguards and redundancy will have to be formulated and put in place from the start of such an undertaking if one is ever began.

The question for human development and survival is how do we define need and who defines it. It may be one without an agreed answer, there's a few of them ;).
 

Facebook UserNov 24

I meant: rational choice theory*
 

Facebook UserNov 24

In particular, the influence of ration choice theory and neoclassical microeconomics has been devastating. Even worse, these theories are usually regarded as scientific, but in reality they are so much pseudoscience.
 

Facebook UserNov 24

Also, I would like to say that I disagree with your advocacy of technocracy, i.e., the idea that society should be governed by a handful of technical experts. This is bound to fail. If in doubt, look at the handful of economic technocrats who have already succeeded in getting us into any number of global messes.
 

Facebook UserNov 24

Creativity may be defined as the spontaneous self-assembly of new neuronal systems.
 
Displaying 5 of 90 posts.
Discuss David Chalmers

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Jeff Klooger1:48 am

I think that the aim should be to explain these phenomenal qualities without eliminating them. I think one should distinguish between debunking theories of such experiences and debunking the experiences themselves - whatever that might amount to in reality.

I am really trying to get at something that is elusive for me also. It is not just that phenomenal experiences are events, because to talk of events still leaves open the possibility of treating these events externally, as observed, as objective. I am thinking of these events understood internally, as subjective. What is like like to BE such and such an event? Obviously, BEING an event does not exclude but presupposes a material ground upon which the event occurs. But the event, and the subjective experience is not merely identical to this material ground.

I have Badiou's 'Being and Event' on my bookshelf to be read, and I have wondered in the past few days whether some of the answers I am seeking might be found there.
 

Jeff Klooger1:39 am

Chris, the term realms is used interchangeably by Castoriadis with others like 'stratum', 'region' and 'domain', as part of his attempt to explore and elucidate ontological differentiation involving differences in beings and modes of being. Castoriadis identifies a number of such strata, including what he calls the first natural stratum (the realm of classical physical phenomenon), the realm of quantum phenomena (which may or may not prove ultimately to be continuous with the first natural stratum), the realm of the for-itself qua organism (biology), the realm of the human psyche, and the realm of society.
 

Jeff Klooger1:33 am

I am using the terms 'differentiation' and 'manifold' in a rather unrigorous manner, Andrew. In the context of Castoriadis's ideas, such terms are used in an attempt to speak about things that in various ways escape conventional logic and ontology, within which such terms might be given determinate meanings. If you just think of the common dictionary meaning of the terms without seeking to sytemtise them further, you will get my meaning, I think. (Castoriadis would say that the meaning of such terms as these must be discovered anew in each new context - or rather, in each new context where that context truly represents a new ontological region or strata.)

I have ordered Bunge's book on causality, though I don't expect to be able to get to it until the new year. :)
 

Facebook UserNov 24

Andrew, yes I agree about emergent levels/spheres of reality, i.e. insofar as that they exist and are ontologically irreducible in their totality.

* * *
Jeff, firstly I'm not certain about what the term "realm" might convey in this context, so I have been trying to avoid it and remain agnostic to it in that regard. Concerning events though, while I agree that action/events consists of state changes and therefore need not require some non-physical mode of existence, I'm not sure that experience can be described purely as a class of events - though to be sure, it cannot be described statically either. State change may describe the active occurrence of a phenomenal intention, but not what that experience consists of for the subject, or qualitative properties that the experience is comprised of.
 

Facebook UserNov 24

There is a good journal you might look into: The International Journal of General Systems. The older issues (meaning up to roughly the early 90's) are better; recently the journal has become overly specialized.
 
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Discuss Noam Chomsky

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John Abbate12:02 am

Yes, that's what Chomsky has been calling for for a long time now: more maniacs.
 

Muhamad VesovshchikovNov 24

I'm a Chomskyan maniac!!!!!!!!!!
 

Facebook UserSep 29

Thanks!
 

Jesse M. BrownSep 28

Syntactic Structures would be one.
 

Facebook UserSep 28

What is typically considered Chomsky's most important work in philosophy of mind? I want to use something of his for a research project on the mind.
 
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Discuss Ghazali

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Facebook UserOct 31, 2008

أبو حامد محمد بن محمد الغزالي
 

Malone DunlavyMay 28, 2008

Another great achievement of his was the forming of the Kalam Cosmological Argument.
 

Sahm Darius FatemiMar 31, 2008

Erik, the fool doth think himself a wise man, while the wise man knows himself to be a fool. One major achievement of Al-Ghazali was reconciling mysticism with the other formal branches of learning, such as fiqh (jurisprudence). Before him, mysticism was seen as slightly beyond the pale and suspicious, but he made it acceptable to the Ulama. Which in the long run, might have had negative consequences for Islamic civilization, but that is another story.
 

Erik HillebrandMar 8, 2008

Great Fool!
 

Kenan C.kayaFeb 26, 2008

great IMAM
 
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Discuss Jesus

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Steve RadcliffeOct 17

That is interesting, but I would take light here as "not heavy," though that's a more prosaic way to read it.
 

Facebook UserOct 16

"the yoke is easy, and the burden is light"

Perhaps this means that the yoke "light" is an easy burden to carry. Someone must "shine" forth, and not lead into darkness
 

Steve RadcliffeOct 16

"the yoke is easy, and the burden is light"

This means there is a yoke, and there is a burden. ?
 

Facebook UserJun 26

There is of course room to entertain doubt, and it can be difficult. Though there is room for anxiety, I would say that the difficulty of facing it makes the endeavour more rewarding - it is much more fulfilling than being Sartre's waiter.
 

Facebook UserJun 26

Ah. In that case I'd agree, but with the qualification that there is always a certain level of ambiguity and uncertainly in the life of faith in general. Especially in today's "scientific" age where many want a form of certain knowledge, the idea of believing in what cannot be perceived and trusting in a plan of which one knows nothing can certainly be a daunting task. Take for example the OT character Job (even treated as a literary figure). He had a strong faith and was still tormented. Especially depending on the circumstance there can be much room for anxiety and tension in the mind and life of a believer. That's even before facing the social aspect of any verbal criticism.
 
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Discuss Raymond Aron

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Facebook UserNov 23

Did Aron do any work with Maritain during the aftermath of WWII?
 

Sean GensNov 22

this is good
 
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Discuss Leo Tolstoy

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Kevin MurrayMay 19

Agreed
 

Facebook UserMay 19

It not make sense to label Tolstoy a philosopher. Let him easy as a magnificent novelist.
 

Kevin MurrayMar 20

Tolstoy is his own philosopher.

Meaning it is more than unnecessary for Tolstoy to be called or known as the philosopher.

I've just begun to read War and Peace, but I am weary of the of the flux concerning Russian Aristocracy.
 

Kevin MurrayMar 20

How about renaming War and Peace' to Glory with some more Glory. =)
 

Sevag AsadourJul 14, 2008

Probably a rarely manifested philosophical moment is expressed in his two epilogues to "War and Peace".
Primarily he was a man of letters, his masterful style in description is overwhelming, magnificent.
 
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